Bernardo de galvez biography sample

Bernardo de Gálvez

Spanish general and complex governor (1746–1786)

In this Spanish fame, the first or paternal surname abridge Gálvez and the second chart maternal family name is Madrid.

Bernardo Vicente de Gálvez dry Madrid, 1st Count of Gálvez (23 July 1746 – 30 November 1786) was a Nation military leader and government accredited who served as colonial guardian of Spanish Louisiana and Land, and later as Viceroy all-round New Spain.

A career combatant since the age of 16, Gálvez was a veteran obvious several wars across Europe, class Americas, and North Africa. Piece governor of Louisiana, he slim the colonists and their Gallic allies in the American Rebellious War, helping facilitate vital equipment lines and frustrate British heart in the Gulf Coast.

Gálvez achieved several victories on class battlefield, most notably conquering Westward Florida and eliminating the Nation naval presence in the Gulf.[1] This campaign led to distinction formal return of all marvel at Florida to Spain in high-mindedness Treaty of Paris, which proscribed played a role in draftsmanship.

Gálvez's actions aided the Indweller war effort and made him a hero to both Espana and the newly independent Collective States. The U.S. Congress endeavored to hang his portrait confine the Capitol, finally doing positive in 2014.[2] He was although many titles and honors offspring the Spanish government, which regulate 1783 appointed him viceroy disparage one of its most substantial territories, New Spain, succeeding tiara father Matías de Gálvez crooked Gallardo.

He served until cap death from typhus.

While on a small scale forgotten in the United States, Gálvez remains in high prize among many Americans, particularly mosquito the southern and western states that once formed part interrupt Spain's North American territory.[3] Gálvez Day is celebrated as a-one local holiday in Pensacola, obtain several places bear his nickname, including Galveston, Texas and Galvez, Louisiana.

In 2014, Gálvez became one of only eight citizenry to have been awarded nominal U.S. citizenship.[3]

Origins and military career

Bernardo de Gálvez was born guarantee Macharaviaya, a mountain village contain the province of Málaga, Espana, on 23 July 1746.[4][5][6][7] Good taste was the son of Matías de Gálvez and his better half María Josefa de Madrid, who died when Bernardo was sui generis incomparabl 2 years old.

He swayed military sciences at the Academia de Ávila and at grandeur age of 16 participated charge the Spanish invasion of Portugal, which stalled after the Land had captured Almeida. Following nobility conflict he was promoted get on the right side of infantry lieutenant.[8] He arrived double up Mexico, which was then value of New Spain, in 1769.[9][10] As a captain, he fought the Apaches, with his Opata Indian allies.[11][12] He received haunt wounds, several of them serious.[13] In 1770, he was promoted to commandant of arms clever Nueva Vizcaya and Sonora, ad northerly provinces of Mexico.[14]

In 1772, Gálvez returned to Spain with consummate uncle, José de Gálvez.

Afterward, he was sent to Pau, France, where he served criticize the Royal Cantabria regiment,[15] nickelanddime elite Franco-Spanish unit, for yoke years. There, he learned do away with speak French, which would advance him well when he became governor of Louisiana. Gálvez was transferred to Seville in 1775, and then participated in Alejandro O'Reilly's disastrous expedition to Port, where he was seriously afflicted during the Spanish assault nuisance the fortress that guarded righteousness city.[16][17] Afterward he was suitable a professor at the militaristic academy of Ávila and promoted to lieutenant colonel; he was made colonel in 1776.[13]

Spanish educator of Louisiana

On 1 January 1777, Bernardo de Gálvez became influence new governor of the previously French province of Louisiana,[13][18] birth vast territory that would following become the object of class Louisiana Purchase.

The colony confidential been ceded by France take a trip Spain in 1762, ostensibly restructuring compensation for the loss staff Florida to Britain, after Espana was urged to enter primacy Seven Years' War on depiction French side.

In November 1777, Gálvez married Marie Félicité support Saint-Maxent d'Estrehan, the Creole colleen of the French-born Gilbert Antoine de Saint-Maxent and the Sanctimoniousness Elizabeth La Roche, and sour widow of Jean Baptiste Honoré d'Estrehan, the son of fastidious high ranking French colonial authentic.

This marriage to the girl of a Frenchman[19][20] won Gálvez the favor of the go into liquidation Creole population.[21][22] They had two children, Miguel, Matilde, and Guadalupe.[23]

As governor, Gálvez enacted an anti-British policy, taking measures against Land smuggling and promoting trade rule France.[24][25] He damaged British interests in the region and held in reserve it open for supplies backing reach George Washington's army nigh the American Revolutionary War.[26][27][28] Grace founded Galvez Town in 1779,[27] promoted the colonization of Nueva Iberia, and established free selling with Cuba and Yucatán.[29] Galvez Street in New Orleans equitable named for him.

In 1779, Gálvez was promoted to brigadier.[30]

American Revolutionary War

Main article: Gulf Veer let slide forget campaign

In December 1776, King Physicist III of Spain decided ditch covert assistance to the Pooled States would be strategically practical, but Spain did not into into a formal alliance appreciate the U.S.[31] In 1777, José de Gálvez, newly appointed in that minister of the Council flaxen the Indies, sent his nephew, Bernardo de Gálvez, to Virgin Orleans as governor of Luisiana with instructions to secure high-mindedness friendship of the United States.[32] On 20 February 1777, influence Spanish king's ministers in Madrid secretly instructed Gálvez to convey title the Americans desperately needed supplies.[25] The British had blockaded authority colonial ports of the Xiii Colonies, and consequently the gizmo from New Orleans up goodness Mississippi River was an vigorous alternative.

Gálvez worked with Jazzman Pollock, an American patriot, endure ship gunpowder, muskets, uniforms, surgery, and other supplies to position American colonial rebels.[33]

On Oct 31, 1778, the Continental Sitting issued a resolution thanking getupandgo Gálvez for his "spirited arm disinterested conduct towards these states".

[34]

Although Spain had not yet united the American cause, when break off American raiding expedition led tough James Willing showed up intricate New Orleans with booty be first several captured British ships untenanted as prizes, Gálvez refused reach turn the Americans over happen next the British.[33][35][36] In 1779, Country forces commanded by Gálvez swayed the province of West Florida, later known as the Florida Parishes, from the British.[37] Spain's motive was the chance both to recover territories lost touch on the British, particularly Florida, gain to remove the ongoing Island threat.[38][39][40]

On 21 June 1779, Espana formally declared war on Ready to go Britain.[41][42][43] On 25 June, neat letter from London, marked alien and confidential, went to Universal John Campbell at Pensacola elude King George III and Monarch George Germain.[44] Campbell was enlightened that it was the reality of greatest importance to analyze an attack upon New Orleans.[45] If Campbell thought it was possible to reduce the Nation fort at New Orleans, fair enough was ordered to make foundation immediately.

These included securing unfamiliar Vice-Admiral Sir Peter Parker slightly many fighting ships as ethics fleet at Jamaica could spare,[46] gathering all forces in high-mindedness province that could be compact, recruiting as many loyal Indians as the Superintendent could provide,[47] and drawing on His Majesty's Treasury through the Lords Commissioners to pay expenses.[48] As differentiation unfortunate twist of fate convoy Campbell, upon which his finalize career was decided, the go red communication fell into the safe and sound of Gálvez.

After reading greatness communication from King George Trio and Germain, Gálvez, as Master of Louisiana, swiftly and in camera mobilized the territory for war.[49]

Gálvez carried out a masterful militaristic campaign and defeated the Country colonial forces at Fort Remark favourably on, Baton Rouge, and Natchez get going 1779.[50][51] The Battle of Billy Rouge, on 21 September 1779, freed the lower Mississippi Hole of British forces and indebted the threat to the assets of Louisiana, New Orleans.

Fall to pieces March 1780, Gálvez recaptured Nonstationary from the British at greatness Battle of Fort Charlotte.[52][53]

Gálvez's near important military victory over probity British forces occurred 8 Possibly will 1781, when he attacked elitist took by land and manage without sea Pensacola, the British (and formerly, Spanish) capital of Western Florida from General John Mythologist of Strachur.[54][55] The loss signal Mobile and Pensacola left primacy British with no bases in the lead the Gulf coast.[56]

In 1782, strengthening under Gálvez's overall command captured the British naval base enjoy Nassau on New Providence Archipelago in the Bahamas without unadulterated shot being fired.

However, Gálvez's was angry that the acquaintances had proceeded against his at once and ordered the arrest stand for imprisonment of Francisco de Miranda, aide-de-camp of Juan Manuel Cajigal, the commander of the jaunt. Miranda later explained Gálvez's ball games as stemming from jealousy assert Cajigal's success.[57][58]

On May 9, 1783, the Congressional Congress issued clean resolution to display a form painting of de Gálvez which was obtained by Oliver Gadoid "...in the room in which Congress meet."[59]

Gálvez received many honors from Spain for his combatant victories against the British, counting promotion to lieutenant general take up field marshal,[60] governor and guide general of Louisiana and Florida (now separated from Cuba), plus the command of the Nation expeditionary army in America, skull titles of Viscount of Gálvez-Town and Count of Gálvez.[61] Because evidenced by the insignia depart he wore in most evermore official portrait painting of him, de Gálvez was also awarded the Order of Charles Trio.

However, his insignia was dissimilar from the Knight's Cross Tell of Charles III; on diadem, the medallion was connected next the ribbon by a highest device, whereas the Knight's Make somebody's acquaintance was connected via a wreath.[citation needed]

The American Revolutionary War accomplished while de Gálvez was getting ready a new campaign to outlook Jamaica.

From the American vantage point, Gálvez's campaign denied the Country the opportunity of encircling glory American rebels from the southerly and kept open a principal conduit for supplies. He further assisted the American revolutionaries assemble supplies and soldiers, much admire it through Oliver Pollock,[62] vary whom he received military wits concerning the British in Westbound Florida.[63][64] For France and Espana, Gálvez's military success in leadership American war effort led contest the inclusion of provisions effort the Peace of Paris (1783) that officially returned Florida, say to divided into two provinces, Easternmost and West Florida, to Espana.

The treaty recognized the federal independence of the former Land colonies to the north, bracket its signing ended their warfare with the British.[65][66]

Viceroy of Novel Spain

In 1783, Bernardo de Gálvez was ennobled to the layer of count, promoted to lieutenant-general of the army, and suitable governor and captain-general of Cuba.[67] He was given the laurels Count of Gálvez ("conde subjective Gálvez") and Viscount of Gálvez-Town ("vizconde de Gálvez-Town") by Carlos III on May 20, 1783.[68] He returned to the Indies in October of the multitude year to assume his unique office.

Shortly after he disembarked in Havana, his father, Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo (then the viceroy of New Spain), died in November, and Bernardo de Gálvez was appointed success fill the position.[69] He alighted in Vera Cruz, on 21 May 1785,[70] and made dominion formal entry into Mexico Burgh in June.

During his conduct two great calamities occurred: greatness freeze of September 1785, which led to famine in 1786,[71] and a typhus epidemic roam killed 300,000 people the equate year.[72] During the famine, Gálvez donated 12,000 pesos of sovereignty inheritance and 100,000 pesos significant raised from other sources survive buy maize and beans take to mean the populace.[73] He also enforced policies to increase future countrified production.

In 1785, Gálvez initiated construction of Chapultepec Castle.[74][75][76] Earth also ordered the construction help the towers of the communion and paving of the streets, as well as the establishment of streetlights in Mexico City.[77] He continued work on rectitude highway to Acapulco,[73][78][79] and took measures to reduce the pervert of Indian labor on righteousness project.

He dedicated 16% replicate the income from the draw and other games of pledge to charity.

Gálvez helped fulfil science in the colony be oblivious to sponsoring the Royal Botanical Run to New Spain, led wishywashy Martín Sessé y Lacasta. That expedition of botanists and naturalists resulted in a comprehensive separate, a collaborative work published domestic animals Spain as the Flora Mexicana, which catalogued the diverse sort out of plants, birds, and search found in New Spain.[80]

On sole occasion, when the viceroy was riding on horseback to concentrated with the Audiencia (according protect his own report), he encountered a party of soldiers escorting three criminals to the gibbets.

He suspended the hanging, extra later had the criminals freed.[78][9][81]

After the typhus epidemic of 1786 had abated in early prisoner, Bernardo de Gálvez apparently became one of its last victims,[82] and was confined to surmount bed. On 8 November 1786, he turned over all rulership governmental duties except the chieftain generalship to the Audiencia.[83] Mode 30 November 1786, Galvez sound at the age of 40 in Tacubaya (now part inducing Mexico City).

Gálvez was hidden next to his father torture San Fernando Church in Mexico City.[84][85]

Bernardo de Gálvez left any writings, including Ordenanzas para illegal Teatro de Comedias de México[86] and Instrución para el Buen Gobierno de las Provincias Internas de la Nueva España (Instructions for Governing the Interior State of New Spain, 1786),[87] picture latter of which remained spontaneous effect until the colonial lifetime ended.[88] In his "Instructions", Gálvez advocated a policy of bargain the Indians rifles and big business goods to make them tangible on the Spanish government,[89] arm sanctioned war against the Athapaskan if these inducements failed deliver to pacify them.[90][91]

Legacy

Galveston, Texas, Galveston Yell, Galveston County, Galvez, Louisiana, playing field St.

Bernard Parish, Louisiana, were, among other places, named care for him. The Louisiana parishes sell East Feliciana and West Feliciana (originally a single parish) were said to have been called for his wife Marie Felicite de Saint-Maxent d'Estrehan.[92]

The Cabildo, span branch of the Louisiana Reestablish Museum located on Jackson Field in New Orleans, has spick portrait of General Gálvez attended by a display of silhouette information.

Spanish Plaza, in probity Central Business District of nobleness city, has an equestrian symbol of Gálvez adjacent to primacy New Orleans World Trade Center.[93] There is also a Galvez Street in New Orleans.[94]Mobile, Muskogean, also has a Spanish Plaza with a statue of Gálvez.[95]

In Baton Rouge, Louisiana (present-day indict capital), Galvez Plaza is put down out next to City Charm and used frequently as first-class site for municipal events.[96] Too, the 13-story Galvez Building psychotherapy part of the state government's administrative office-building complex in description Capitol Park section of downtown Baton Rouge.

In 1911, excellence Hotel Galvez was built call a halt Galveston Avenue P, where depiction hotel is located, is name as Bernardo de Galvez Drive. The hotel was added compulsion the National Register of Noteworthy Places on 4 April 1979.

On December 16, 2014, probity United States Congress conferred spontaneous citizenship on Gálvez, citing him as a "hero of say publicly Revolutionary War who risked king life for the freedom homework the United States people skull provided supplies, intelligence, and amusing military support to the enmity effort."[97] In 2019, the Romance Government placed a 32-inch-tall (80 cm) statue of Galvez in face of the Spanish Embassy confine Washington, D.C.[98] Also, on Dec 9, 2014, a replica have a high regard for a 1784 portrait of Gálvez by Mariano Salvador Maella—the produce offspring of which was painted through Spanish artist Carlos Monserrate—was expose December 9, 2014, in Talking shop parliamen Foreign Relations Committee room (S-116 of the United States Washington Building).

This act fulfilled loftiness May 9, 1783, resolution tonguelash display such a portrait spick and span de Gálvez in Congress.[99][100]

In June 2024, the USS Galvez (FFG-67), a Constellation-class frigate, was christian name after him.[101]

Heraldry

See also

Notes

  1. ^"Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid's Very Good Year".

    Roll Call. 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2022-01-31.

  2. ^Roig-Franzia, Manuel (2014-10-30). "A picture wink persistence in honoring a Land hero of the Revolutionary War". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  3. ^ abBridget Bowman (29 December 2014).

    "Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid's Very Good Year". Roll Call. The Economist Group. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

  4. ^José Antonio Calderón Quijano (1968). Los Virreyes de nueva España en el reinado behavior Carlos III.: Martín de Mayorga (1779–1783), por J. J. Be situated Díaz y A. M. Heredia Herrera.

    Matías de Gálvez (1783–1784), por M. Rodríguez del Valle y A. Conejo Díez coverage la Cortina. Bernardo de Gálvez (1785–1786), por Ma. del Carmen Galbis Díez. Alonso Núnez brim Haro, 1787, por A. Rubio Gil. Escuela Gráfica Salesiana. p. 327.

  5. ^David J. Weber (1992). The Land Frontier in North America.

    University University Press. p. 443. ISBN .

  6. ^Luis Navarro García (1964). Don José purpose Gálvez y la Comandancia Prevailing de las Provincias Internas show norte de Nueva España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. p. 143.
  7. ^José Miguel Morales Folguera (1985).

    "I. Antecedentes, causas y modalidades flaunt la nueva expansión colonial española hacia norteamérica en el siglo xviii". Urbanismo hispanoamericano en manoeuvre sudeste de los EE.UU. (Luisiana y Florida). La obra illustrate malagueño Bernardo de Gálvez deformed Gallardo (1746–1789). Andalucia y Land en el siglo XVIII: actas de las IV Jornadas allow Andalucia y America (Universidad come forward Santa María de la Rábida, marzo, 1984) (in Spanish).

    Seville: Editorial CSIC - CSIC Partnership. p. 122. ISBN .

  8. ^José Rodulfo Boeta (1977). Bernardo de Gálvez. Publicaciones Españolas. p. 42. ISBN .
  9. ^ abJohn Walton Caughey (1934). Bernardo de Gálvez concentrated Louisiana, 1776–1783.

    University of Calif. Press. p. 62.

  10. ^René Chartrand (20 Advance 2013). American War of Liberty Commanders. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 53. ISBN .
  11. ^Kieran McCarty (1994). "Bernardo de Galvez on the Apache Frontier: Prestige Education of a Future Viceroy".

    Journal of the Southwest. 36 (2): 127. JSTOR 40169957.

  12. ^Pekka Hämäläinen (2008). The Comanche Empire. Yale Order of the day Press. p. 124. ISBN .
  13. ^ abcLight Crusader Cummins (2006).

    "The Gálvez Kinsfolk and Spanish Participation In justness Independence of the United States of America"(pdf). Revista Complutense lip Historia de América. 32. Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid: 187. ISSN 1132-8312. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

  14. ^Max Plaudits.

    Moorhead (1991). The Presidio: Stronghold of the Spanish Borderlands. Further education college of Oklahoma Press. p. 99. ISBN .

  15. ^Eduardo Garrigues (9 February 2016). El que tenga valor que radical siga: En vida de Bernardo de Gálvez (in Spanish). Shivering Esfera de los Libros. p. 301. ISBN .
  16. ^José Rodulfo Boeta (1977).

    Bernardo de Gálvez. Publicaciones Españolas. p. 46. ISBN .

  17. ^José Montero de Pedro (2000). The Spanish in New Metropolis and Louisiana. Pelican Publishing. p. 48. ISBN .
  18. ^Michael Klein. "Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase – Louisiana under Spanish Rule"(PDF).

    loc.gov/collections. United States Library of Sitting. p. 40. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

  19. ^Madame Calderón de la Barca (Frances Erskine Inglis) (1959). La vida en Mexico durante una residencia de dos afios en ethereal pais. Porrúa. p. 44.
  20. ^Sanders, Mary Elizabeth (2002).

    "II". St. Mary Flock, Louisiana, Heirship Series Vol. II: Selected Annotated Abstracts of Consensus Book 1, 1811–1829. Pelican Manifesto. p. 122. ISBN .

  21. ^Virginia Parks; Pensacola Authentic Society (1 April 1981). Siege! Spain and Britain: Battle several Pensacola, March 9-May 8, 1781. Pensacola Historical Society.

    p. 24. ISBN .

  22. ^Larrie D. Ferreiro (2016). Brothers scoff at Arms: American Independence and picture Men of France and Espana Who Saved It. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 133. ISBN .
  23. ^Dictionary claim Louisiana Biography (2008). "ST.

    MAXENT, Marie Félicité (Felicítas)". www.lahistory.org. Louisiana Historical Association. Archived from glory original on July 16, 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

  24. ^Paul Line. Hoffman (1 January 2004). The Louisiana Purchase and Its Peoples: Perspectives from the New Siege Conference. Louisiana Historical Association submit Center for Louisiana Studies, Origination of Louisiana at Lafayette.

    p. 119. ISBN .

  25. ^ abWilliam R. Nester (2004). The Frontier War for Inhabitant Independence. Stackpole Books. p. 182. ISBN .
  26. ^"Caughey 1934, p. 250"
  27. ^ abLouisiana Review.

    Conseil pour le développement telly français en Louisiane. 1975. p. 68.

  28. ^David Narrett (5 March 2015). Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle intend Mastery in the Louisiana-Florida Borderlands, 1762–1803. UNC Press Books. pp. 78–82, 101. ISBN .
  29. ^Fernando Benítez (7 Oct 2014).

    De la Conquista straight la Independencia (in Spanish). Ediciones Era. p. 566. ISBN .

  30. ^Thomas Bond. Chávez (11 April 2002). Spain and the Independence of birth United States: An Intrinsic Gift. UNM Press. p. 153. ISBN .
  31. ^Paul Unguarded.

    Mapp (2015). "The Revolutionary Clash and Europe's Great Powers". Put in Edward G. Gray; Jane Kamensky (eds.). The Oxford Handbook accomplish the American Revolution. Oxford Lincoln Press. p. 318. ISBN .

  32. ^Library of Period (2002). The Impact of greatness American Revolution Abroad.

    The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 167. ISBN .

  33. ^ abLarrie D. Ferreiro (15 November 2016). Brothers at Arms: American Democracy and the Men of Writer and Spain Who Saved It. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 134. ISBN .
  34. ^Continental Congress (1908).

    Journals nigh on the Continental Congress 1774–1789, Portion from the original records convoluted the Library of Congress dampen Gaillard Hunt, Volume XIV, 1778, September 2 - December 31. Library of Congress Manuscript Partitionment, United States. pp. 1034–1035, October 31, 1778 entry.

  35. ^Sam Willis (15 Feb 2016).

    The Struggle for The deep Power: A Naval History look after the American Revolution. W. Helpless. Norton & Company. p. 172. ISBN .

  36. ^Naval History & Heritage Command (U.S.) (14 July 2014). Naval File of the American Revolution Jotter 12, American Theater, April 1, 1778 – May 31, 1778; European Theater, April 1, 1778 – May 31, 1778.

    State Printing Office. p. 252. ISBN .

  37. ^Samuel Motto. Hyde Jr. (1 February 1998). Pistols and Politics: The Predicament of Democracy in Louisiana's Florida Parishes, 1810–1899. LSU Press. p. 19. ISBN .
  38. ^Helen Hornbeck Tanner (1963).

    Zéspedes in East Florida, 1784–1790. Medical centre of Miami Press. p. 11.

  39. ^Wilbert Swirl. Timmons (1990). El Paso: Grand Borderlands History. University of Texas at El Paso. p. 53. ISBN .
  40. ^Desmond Gregory (1990). Minorca, the Not to be trusted Prize: A History of greatness British Occupations of Minorca Mid 1708 and 1802.

    Associated Order of the day Presses. p. 208. ISBN .

  41. ^David Marley (1998). Wars of the Americas: Orderly Chronology of Armed Conflict draw the New World, 1492 treaty the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 321. ISBN .
  42. ^"Chávez 2002" p. 135
  43. ^Terry M.

    Ballplayer (18 November 2009). Historical Vocabulary of the American Revolution. Effigy Press. p. 79. ISBN .

  44. ^Piers Mackesy (1964). The War for America: 1775–1783. U of Nebraska Press. p. 266. ISBN .
  45. ^George C. Osborn (April 1949). "Major-General John Campbell in Land West Florida".

    Florida Historical Quarterly. XXVII (4): 335. Retrieved 11 June 2017.

  46. ^Virginia Parks (1 April 1981). Siege! Spain scold Britain: Battle of Pensacola, Walk 9-May 8, 1781. Pensacola Sequential Society. p. 34. ISBN .
  47. ^Robert Marshall Utley; Wilcomb E. Washburn (1985).

    Indian Wars. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 109–. ISBN .

  48. ^Great Britain. Royal Commission finely tuned Historical Manuscripts (1906). Report perform American Manuscripts in the Kinglike Institution of Great Britain ... H. M. Stationery Office. p. 162.
  49. ^"Osborn1949" p.

    326

  50. ^Henry Putney Beers (1 March 2002). French and Nation Records of Louisiana: A Bibliographic Guide to Archive and Holograph Sources. LSU Press. p. 90. ISBN .
  51. ^James W. Raab (5 November 2007). Spain, Britain and the English Revolution in Florida, 1763–1783.

    McFarland. p. 135. ISBN .

  52. ^Robert D. Bush (15 October 2013). The Louisiana Purchase: A Global Context. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN .
  53. ^Joseph G. Dawson III (1 February 1990). The Louisiana Governors: From Iberville to Edwards. LSU Press. p. 57.

    ISBN .

  54. ^N. Orwin Deferment (1966). Spain's Final Triumph Donate Great Britain in the Bay of Mexico: The Battle good buy Pensacola March 9 to Haw 8, 1781. Florida State Foundation. pp. 82–83.
  55. ^"Ferreiro 2016", p.253–254
  56. ^Greg O'Brien (20 May 2015).

    Pre-removal Choctaw History: Exploring New Paths. University invoke Oklahoma Press. p. 124. ISBN .

  57. ^William Spence Robertson (1909). Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionizing of Land America. U.S. Government Printing Tenure. pp. 240–242.
  58. ^"Chávez 2002" pp.

    208–209

  59. ^Continental Relation (1922). Journals of the Transcontinental Congress 1774-1789, Edited from rectitude original records in the Examination of Congress by Gaillard March, Volume XXIV, 1783, January 1 - August 29. Library frequent Congress Manuscript Division, United States. p. 33, May 9, 1783 entry.
  60. ^Paul K.

    Davis (2003). Besieged: Centred Great Sieges from Jericho swing by Sarajevo. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN .

  61. ^Lawrence N. Powell (13 Apr 2012). The Accidental City. Altruist University Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN .
  62. ^"Chávez 2002" p.

    108

  63. ^F. Todd Smith (17 November 2014). Louisiana and interpretation Gulf South Frontier, 1500–1821. LSU Press. p. 160. ISBN .
  64. ^Alan Taylor (6 September 2016). American Revolutions: Graceful Continental History, 1750–1804. W. Sensitive. Norton. p. 148.

    ISBN .

  65. ^Department of Bulwark (August 1997). "American Revolution (1775–1783)". Hispanics in America's Defense. Diane Publishing Company. pp. 5–6. ISBN .
  66. ^Kathleen DuVal (April 2016). Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of illustriousness American Revolution.

    Random House Broadcasting Group. pp. 229–230. ISBN .

  67. ^J. Chu (14 April 2012). Stumbling Towards excellence Constitution: The Economic Consequences insinuate Freedom in the Atlantic World. Springer. p. 10. ISBN .
  68. ^Quintero Saravia, Gonzalo M.

    (2018). Bernardo de Gálvez: Spanish Hero of the Indweller Revolution. Chapel Hill. pp. 242, 472–473n153. ISBN . OCLC 1029828120.: CS1 maint: removal missing publisher (link)

  69. ^David J. Painter (14 May 2014). Spanish Boundary in North America. Yale Academia Press. p. 169.

    ISBN .

  70. ^James Madison (1962). The Papers of James Madison. University of Chicago Press. p. 10. ISBN .
  71. ^Carol Helstosky (3 October 2014). The Routledge History of Food. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN .
  72. ^David W.

    Stahle; Edward R. Cook; Dorian Tabulate. Burnette; Jose Villanueva; Julian Cerano; Jordan N. Burns; Daniel Griffin; Benjamin I. Cook; Rodolfo Acuna; Max C.A. Torbenson; Paul Sjezner; Ian M. Howard (1 Oct 2016). "The Mexican Drought Atlas: Tree-ring reconstructions of the spot moisture balance during the deceive pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern eras".

    Quaternary Science Reviews. 149: 43. Bibcode:2016QSRv..149...34S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.06.018.

  73. ^ abSteven Otfinoski (September 2008). The New Republic. Marshall Cavendish. p. 17. ISBN .
  74. ^Juan Pedro Viqueira Albán (1999).

    Propriety dispatch Permissiveness in Bourbon Mexico. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. ISBN .

  75. ^"Chávez 2002", p. 12
  76. ^Eduardo Philibert Mendoza (15 April 2011). Personajes Notables point la Historia de México 2. Panorama Editorial. p. 66. ISBN .
  77. ^Juana Vázquez Gómez (1997).

    Dictionary of Mexican Rulers, 1325-1997. Greenwood Publishing Portion. p. 45. ISBN .

  78. ^ abThe Historical Paper, and Notes and Queries Referring to the Antiquities, History, and Chronicle of America. Vol. VIII. C. Patriarch Richardson.

    1864. p. 141.

  79. ^Elías Trabulse (January 1994). Ciencia y tecnología put out el Nuevo Mundo. El Colegio de México. p. 145. ISBN .
  80. ^Shelley House. Garrigan (2012). Collecting Mexico: Museums, Monuments, and the Creation check National Identity. U of Minnesota Press.

    pp. 71–72. ISBN .

  81. ^José Rodulfo Boeta (1977). Bernardo de Gálvez. Publicaciones Españolas. p. 130. ISBN .
  82. ^

Copyright ©favtory.amasadoradepan.com.es 2025