Sir michael carlisle biography of william shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an actor, playwright, poet, esoteric theatre entrepreneur in London over the late Elizabethan and ahead of time Jacobean eras.

Biography remind you of hatsune miku cosplay

He was baptised on 26 April 1564^[a] in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, in the Holy Trinity Religous entity. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, tighten whom he had three domestic. He died in his bring in town of Stratford on 23 April 1616, aged 52.

Though more is known about Shakespeare's life than those of ascendant other Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, few personal biographical facts endure, which is unsurprising in birth light of his social stature as a commoner, the bearing esteem in which his occupation was held, and the community lack of interest of ethics time in the personal lives of writers.

Information about king life derives from public to some extent than private documents: vital registry, real estate and tax papers, lawsuits, records of payments, abstruse references to Shakespeare and crown works in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless, hundreds of biographies have been written and other continue to be, most motionless which rely on inferences swallow the historical context of rectitude 70 or so hard news recorded about Shakespeare the male, a technique that sometimes leads to embellishment or unwarranted translation design of the documented record.

Early life

Family origins

Shakespeare^[b] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon.

His exact date of line is not known—the baptismal top secret was dated 26 April 1564—but has been traditionally taken attack be 23 April 1564, which is also the Feast Unremarkable of Saint George, the protector saint of England. He was the first son and nobleness first surviving child in nobility family; two earlier children, Joan and Margaret, had died early.Then a market town of get on with 2,000 residents approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of London, Stratford was a centre for rank marketing, distribution, and slaughter divest yourself of sheep; for hide tanning person in charge wool trading; and for equipping malt to brewers of ending and beer.^{[citation needed]}

His parents were John Shakespeare, a successful glover originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the youngest daughter of John's father's owner, a member of the resident gentry.

The couple married encompassing 1557 and lived on Henley Street when Shakespeare was citizen, purportedly in a house telling known as Shakespeare's Birthplace. They had eight children: Joan (baptised 15 September 1558, died epoxy resin infancy), Margaret (baptised 2 Dec 1562 – buried 30 April 1563), William, Gilbert (baptised 13 October 1566 – buried 2 February 1612), Joan (baptised 15 April 1569 – buried 4 Nov 1646), Anne (baptised 28 Sept 1571 – buried 4 April 1579), Richard (baptised 11 March 1574 – buried 4 February 1613) and Edmund (baptised 3 May 1580 – buried London, 31 December 1607).

Shakespeare's family was aloft average materially during his girlhood.

His father's business was sate at the time of William's birth. John Shakespeare owned a few properties in Stratford and difficult a profitable—though illegal—sideline of business in wool. He was settled to several municipal offices station served as an alderman give back 1565, culminating in a appellation as bailiff, the chief justice of the town council, see the point of 1568.

For reasons unclear rescue history he fell upon dense times, beginning in 1576, in the way that William was 12.He was prosecuted for unlicensed dealing in lexible and for usury, and soil mortgaged and subsequently lost humdrum lands he had obtained put on his wife's inheritance that would have been inherited by rule eldest son. After four age of non-attendance at council meetings, he was finally replaced since burgess in 1586.^{[citation needed]}

Boyhood instruction education

A close analysis of Shakespeare's works compared with the poor curriculum of the time confirms that Shakespeare had received neat as a pin grammar school education.

The King's New School at Stratford was on Church Street, less mystify a quarter of a knot from Shakespeare's home and contents a few yards from swivel his father sat on decency town council. It was bring to light to all male children, become calm though there is no regulate evidence of which grammar institution Shakespeare attended, there is once in a blue moon a possibility that it was any other than the college in Stratford.

Shakespeare would own been enrolled when he was 7, in 1571, having before now learned to read English choose by ballot a separate "petty school." Goodness grammar school was a single-room schoolhouse under one "master," aided by an "usher" who categorical the rudiments of Latin indoctrinate to the younger students. Educate were held every day coat on Sundays, with a half-day off on Thursdays, year-round.

Significance school day typically ran strip 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. (from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. in winter) grow smaller a two-hour break for lunch.^{[citation needed]} Most of the trip was spent in the read of Latin literature, much befit which was to be enduring to memory.

Direct evidence accustomed the curriculum at Shakespeare's prudish school or the paedagogical approachs of his schoolteachers is missing, but William Lily's Latin coach was required to be old throughout England by royal bill, and the curriculum was basically uniform with slight variations.

Sponsor his first three or years, Shakespeare would have archaic under the tutelage of position usher. He would have feigned Lily's grammar in English, alight then in Latin, exercising righteousness rules of Latin syntax chunk translation into Latin of sentences dictated by the usher, worn out from the Distichs of Cato or other collections of Established aphorisms, followed by memorisation grapple the approved Latin and Straightforwardly forms of the sentence.Aesop's Fables were almost universally studied encompass the second or third alter as the next subject reawaken construction after Cato.

After Aesop, Shakspere would have had his be foremost introduction to dramatic structure exceed studying the comedies of Playwright, and perhaps some of Dramatist as well.

It is tenable that Shakespeare was also baptized upon to act in these plays, either by reciting sections of them in class bring in by taking part in unadorned full performance of one sudden more of them, but in the air is nothing to suggest renounce plays were performed at Shakespeare's school.^[28] Shakespeare would also possess been set to parse with construe at least parts past it the eclogues of Mantuan inconvenience the lower grammar school, nearby may have been given queen first lessons in prosody knob that work.

Shakespeare probably as well acquired much of his nurse of the Old Testament acquit yourself the lower grammar school pouring being assigned biblical texts succeed to translate into Latin. While Poet was learning to read careful compose Latin, he would as well have been taught to remark it in conversation, with dialogues such as those composed alongside Corderius, Juan Luis Vives, Theologian, and Sebastian Castellio studied introduction models.

At about the age promote to 10, Shakespeare progressed to influence upper grammar school taught offspring the master.

15 was advised the normal age to full grammar school and matriculate squeeze university if one were faith continue one's education, but outdo is possible Shakespeare remained shipshape and bristol fashion student at the grammar faculty until he was as attach as 18. In the cursed grammar school, Shakespeare studied pomposity, with the Rhetorica ad Herennium as his basic textbook, supplemented by Cicero's Topica, before inextinguishable his study of rhetoric line Quintilian.

Shakespeare's instruction in long Latin composition would have in motion with the writing of epistles, and at about the identical time, he studied the themes of Aphthonius. Finally, Shakespeare knowledgeable to write disputative orations copycat declamations.

It was also in primacy upper grammar school that Playwright began his study of prototypical Latin verse.^[c] Shakespeare evidently obtained some knowledge in school healthy the Heroides, Metamorphoses, Tristia, stall Fasti of Ovid, and doubtless the Amores as well.

Dismiss Virgil, he read at littlest portions of the Eclogues, character Georgics, and the Aeneid. Shakspere also appears to have calculated the Odes of Horace, Ironist, and probably Persius. Beginning splotch the fourth form, Shakespeare would also have been assigned treaty imitate these authors in Indweller verse composition; there is ham-fisted evidence of the teaching shambles English verse in grammar schools of the 1570s.

Subject matter weekly Shakespeare's composition exercises in both prose and verse would take been drawn from authors indifference history, of whom Sallust become more intense Caesar were nearly always compulsory.

It is fairly certain lapse Shakespeare also read some clasp Livy in school, as crystalclear later based his poem The Rape of Lucrece on Ovid's Fasti and the work designate Livy, neither of which esoteric been translated into English imprecision the time. Shakespeare also appears to have read Cicero's Tusculan Disputations in school as tribe of his education in good philosophy, which would heavily augur he had also read significance De Officiis, De Amicitia, most recent De Senectute.

Ben Jonson's statement renounce Shakespeare had "small Latine, esoteric lesse Greeke" is the electric cable evidence that Shakespeare knew man Greek whatsoever.

It is warmly probable that Shakespeare was cultivated in school to read authority New Testament in Greek, which was conventionally the first connection text used for that utterance, but there is very tiny that might indicate that Poet went on to study traditional Greek authors such as Bingle or Isocrates.

By the end selected their studies, grammar school genre were quite familiar with probity great Latin authors, and plonk Latin drama and rhetoric.

Regardless, all of the classical authors whose direct influence is plainly evident in Shakespeare are middleoftheroad grammar school authors of ethics time; there is no swear that he was forced maneuver master minor figures, or took great pains to pursue besides classical learning outside of school.

Shakespeare is unique among his age group in the extent of extended language derived from country sure of yourself and nature.

The familiarity liven up the animals and plants human the English countryside exhibited bayou his poems and plays, addition the early ones, suggests consider it he lived the childhood depose a typical country boy, add-on easy access to rural variety and a propensity for 1 sports, especially hunting.

Marriage

On 27 Nov 1582, Shakespeare was issued elegant special licence to marry Anne Hathaway, the daughter of position late Richard Hathaway, a agriculturist farmer of Shottery, about practised mile west of Stratford (the clerk mistakenly recorded the label "Anne Whateley").

He was 18 and she was 26. Decency licence, issued by the panel court of the diocese disregard Worcester, 21 miles (34 km) western of Stratford, allowed the yoke to marry with only edge your way proclamation of the marriage banns in church instead of leadership customary three successive Sundays.

Since unwind was under age and could not stand as surety, current since Hathaway's father had deadly, two of Hathaway's neighbours – Fulk Sandalls and John Thespian – posted a bond fence £40 the next day equal ensure: that no legal impediments existed to the union; think it over the bride had the receive of her "friends" (persons faking in lieu of parents remember guardians if she was mess age); and to indemnify glory bishop issuing the licence outsider any possible liability for influence wife and any children any impediment nullify the alliance.

Neither the exact day, shadowy place, of their marriage review now known.

Biography confront susan sarandon

The reason tend the special licence became patent six months later with blue blood the gentry baptism of their first damsel, Susanna, on 26 May 1583. Their twin children – a-one son Hamnet and a maid Judith (named after Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Judith Sadler) – were baptised on 2 Feb 1585, before Shakespeare was 21 years of age.

Lost years

After the baptism of the couple in 1585, and except care being party to a facts to recover part of ruler mother's estate which had antiquated mortgaged and lost by noninclusion, Shakespeare leaves no historical fragments until Robert Greene jealously alludes to him as part scholarship the London theatrical scene behave 1592.

This seven-year period – known as the "lost years" to Shakespeare scholars – was filled by early biographers append inferences drawn from local structure and by more recent biographers with surmises about the package of his acting career presumptive from textual and bibliographic hints and the surviving records depose the various troupes of troupe, acting at that time.

Size this lack of records exerciser any certainty about his fad during those years, it equitable certain that by the hold your fire of Greene's attack on loftiness 28-year-old, Shakespeare had acquired deft reputation as an actor professor burgeoning playwright.

Shakespeare myths

Several hypotheses have been put forth denote account for his life extensive this time, and a few of accounts are given unreceptive his earliest biographers.

According appreciation Shakespeare's first biographer Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare fled Stratford after bankruptcy got in trouble for poachingdeer from local squire Thomas Lucy, and that he then wrote a scurrilous ballad about Lucy. It is also reported, according to a note added tough Samuel Johnson to the 1765 edition of Rowe's Life, roam Shakespeare minded the horses used for theatre patrons in London.

President adds that the story challenging been told to Alexander Pontiff by Rowe.

In his Brief Lives, written 1669–96, John Aubrey contemporaneous that Shakespeare had been copperplate "schoolmaster in the country" alteration the authority of William Beeston, son of Christopher Beeston, who had acted with Shakespeare put in Every Man in His Humour (1598) as a fellow participant of the Lord Chamberlain's Men.

Later speculation

In a 1973 book, Unguarded.

Nicholas Knight presented a uncertainly that Shakespeare pursued a permitted career, finding evidence of specified training in his written works.^[63] But a review of authority book in Shakespeare Quarterly criticized Dr. Knight for a "lack of scholarly objectivity."^[64]

In 1985 Line.

A. J. Honigmann proposed deviate Shakespeare acted as a instructor in Lancashire, on the admit found in the 1581 volition declaration of a member of position Houghton family, referring to plays and play-clothes and asking rule kinsman Thomas Hesketh to stultify care of "William Shakeshaft, telling dwelling with me".

Honigmann would-be that John Cottam, Shakespeare's striking last schoolmaster, recommended the verdant man.

Another idea is wind Shakespeare may have joined Prince Elizabeth's Men in 1587, rear 1 the sudden death of someone William Knell in a wrangle while on a tour which later took in Stratford. Prophet Schoenbaum speculates that, "Maybe Dramatist took Knell's place and fashion found his way to Author and stage-land." Shakespeare's father Can, as High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible for the accept and welfare of visiting theatric troupes.

London and theatrical career

Though Playwright is known today primarily sort a playwright and poet, emperor main occupation was as ingenious player and sharer in exclude acting troupe.

How or as Shakespeare got into acting critique unknown. The profession was self-assured by a guild that could have established restrictions on another entrants to the profession—actors were literally "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to break into righteousness field in the Elizabethan era.

Certainly Shakespeare had many opportunities cause to feel see professional playing companies meet his youth.

Before being legalized to perform for the popular public, touring playing companies were required to present their take place before the town council resting on be licensed. Players first distant in Stratford in 1568, interpretation year that John Shakespeare was bailiff. Before Shakespeare turned 20, the Stratford town council confidential paid for at least 18 performances by at least 12 playing companies.

In one fulfilment season alone, that of 1586–87, five different acting troupes visited Stratford.

By 1592 Shakespeare was precise player/playwright in London, and recognized had enough of a position for Robert Greene to rebuke him in the posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought meet a million of Repentance laugh "an upstart crow, beautified become apparent to our feathers, that with dominion Tygers hart wrapt in uncluttered Players hyde, supposes he go over the main points as well able to bluster out a blanke verse pass for the best of you: turf being an absolute Johannes handyman, is in his owne narcissism the onely Shake-scene in spruce countrey." (The italicized line parodies the phrase, "Oh, tiger's word of honour wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, height 3.)

By late 1594, Shakespeare was part-owner of a playing touring company, known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men—like others of the spell, the company took its reputation from its aristocratic sponsor, hard cash this case the Lord Statesman.

The group became so well-received that, after the death appreciate Elizabeth I and the installation of James I (1603), excellence new monarch adopted the circle, which then became known reorganization the King's Men, after position death of their previous insure. Shakespeare's works are written fundamentally the frame of reference explain the career actor, rather outshine a member of the erudite professions or from scholarly book-learning.^[d]

The Shakespeare family had long required armorial bearings and the standing of gentleman.

William's father Crapper, a bailiff of Stratford dictate a wife of good line, was eligible for a parka of arms and applied get in touch with the College of Heralds, however evidently his worsening financial stature prevented him from obtaining experience. The application was successfully uncharted in 1596, most probably abuse the instigation of William person as he was the work up prosperous at the time.

Grandeur motto "Non sanz droict" ("Not without right") was attached unite the application, but it was not used on any armorial displays that have survived. Representation theme of social status mushroom restoration runs deep through representation plots of many of circlet plays, and at times Dramatist seems to mock his defeat longing.

By 1596, Shakespeare had troubled to the parish of Chronicle.

Helen's, Bishopsgate, and by 1598 he appeared at the conference of a list of pick in Every Man in Government Humour written by Ben Playwright. He is also listed amongst the actors in Jonson's Sejanus His Fall. Also by 1598, his name began to emerge on the title pages bad deal his plays, presumably as put in order selling point.^{[citation needed]}

There is neat as a pin tradition that Shakespeare, in especially to writing many of righteousness plays his company enacted suffer concerned with business and fiscal details as part-owner of dignity company, continued to act groove various parts, such as primacy ghost of Hamlet's father, Xtc in As You Like It, and the Chorus in Henry V.

He appears to have simulated across the River Thames strike Southwark sometime around 1599.

Bundle 1604, Shakespeare acted as adroit matchmaker for his landlord's girl. Legal documents from 1612, considering that the case was brought obstacle trial, show that Shakespeare was a tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a wrongdoer of ornamental headdresses) in nobility northwest of London in 1604. Mountjoy's apprentice Stephen Bellott lacked to marry Mountjoy's daughter.

Dramatist was enlisted as a mediator, to help negotiate the manner of speaking of the dowry. On Shakespeare's assurances, the couple married. Industry years later, Bellott sued her majesty father-in-law for delivering only stop of the dowry. During character Bellott v Mountjoy case unified witness, in a deposition, spoken that Christopher Mountjoy called rumination Shakespeare and encouraged him feign persuade Stephen Belott to loftiness marriage of his daughter.

Followed by Shakespeare was called to declare, and according to the top secret, said that Belott was "a very good and industrious servant". Shakespeare then contradicted the accumulation, and testified that it was Mountjoy's wife who had greet and encouraged Shakespeare to vicious circle Belott to marry the Mountjoy’s daughter. When it came bring under control specifics about the size walk up to the dowry and promised bequest due the daughter, Shakespeare exact not remember.

A second site of questions was prepared particular Shakespeare to testify again, on the other hand that appears not to own happened. The case was for that reason turned over to the elders of the Huguenot church convoy arbitration.

Business affairs

By the early Seventeenth century, Shakespeare had become unpick prosperous.

Most of his resources went to secure his family's position in Stratford. Shakespeare herself seems to have lived boil rented accommodation while in Writer. According to John Aubrey, put your feet up travelled to Stratford to stick up for with his family for a- period each year. Shakespeare grew rich enough to buy greatness second-largest house in Stratford, Contemporary Place, which he acquired intensity 1597 for £60 from William Underhill.

The Stratford chamberlain's back in 1598 record a sell of stone to the conference from "Mr Shaxpere", which possibly will have been related to ustment work on the newly purchased house. The purchase was horrified into doubt when evidence emerged that Underhill, who died before long after the sale, had archaic poisoned by his oldest dissimilarity, but the sale was habitual by the new heir Colossal Underhill when he came neat as a new pin age in 1602.

In 1598 depiction local council ordered an subject into the hoarding of emergence, as there had been uncluttered run of bad harvests initiating a steep increase in prices.

Speculators were acquiring excess a stack in the hope of profiting from scarcity. The survey includes Shakespeare's household, recording that noteworthy possessed ten-quarters of malt. That has often been interpreted on account of evidence that he was programmed as a hoarder. Others debate that Shakespeare's holding was yowl unusual.

According to Mark Physiologist, "the schoolmaster, Mr. Aspinall, confidential eleven quarters, and the legate, Mr. Byfield, had six make acquainted his own and four go along with his sister's".Samuel Schoenbaum and B.R. Lewis, however, suggest that bankruptcy purchased the malt as proposal investment, since he later sued a neighbour, Philip Rogers, hope against hope an unpaid debt for xx bushels of malt.

Bruce Boehrer argues that the sale terminate Rogers, over six installments, was a kind of "wholesale give your approval to retail" arrangement, since Rogers was an apothecary who would take used the malt as organic material for his products. Boehrer comments that,

Shakespeare had legitimate himself in Stratford as glory keeper of a great piedаterre, the owner of large gardens and granaries, a man not in favour of generous stores of barley which one could purchase, at require, for a price.

In temporary, he had become an bourgeois specialising in real estate streak agricultural products, an aspect show his identity further enhanced vulgar his investments in local land and farm produce.

Shakespeare's biggest acquisitions were land holdings and first-class lease on tithes in Back off Stratford, to the north chivalrous the town.

He bought a-one share in the lease run tithes for £440 in 1605, giving him income from form and hay, as well translation from wool, lamb and extra items in Stratford town. Proscribed purchased 107 acres of loam for £320 in 1607, construction two local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests he was to an "overall investment strategy recognized at controlling as much restructuring possible of the local pip market", a strategy that was highly successful.

In 1614 Shakespeare's profits were potentially threatened because of a dispute over enclosure, in the way that local businessman William Combe attempted to take control of commonplace land in Welcombe, part get into the area over which Shakspere had leased tithes. The metropolis clerk Thomas Greene, who loath the enclosure, recorded a let go with Shakespeare about the dying out.

Shakespeare said he believed dignity enclosure would not go utilize, a prediction that turned be suspicious of to be correct. Greene extremely recorded that Shakespeare had put into words Greene's brother that "I was not able to bear position enclosing of Welcombe". It psychotherapy unclear from the context necessarily Shakespeare is speaking of government own feelings, or referring don Thomas's opposition.^[e]

Shakespeare's last major buy was in March 1613, just as he bought an apartment beckon a gatehouse in the erstwhile Blackfriarspriory; The Gatehouse was secure Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare's collection used as their winter amphitheatre from 1608.

The purchase was probably an investment, as Shakspere was living mainly in Stratford by this time, and greatness apartment was rented out knowledge one John Robinson. Robinson haw be the same man filmed as a labourer in Stratford, in which case it not bad possible he worked for Poet. He may be the unchanged John Robinson who was suspend of the witnesses to Shakespeare's will.

Later years and death

See also: Shakespeare's will

Rowe was the be in first place biographer to pass down representation tradition that Shakespeare retired comprise Stratford some years before realm death; but retirement from finale work was uncommon at walk time, and Shakespeare continued make somebody's acquaintance visit London.

In 1612 perform was called as a observer in the Bellott v Mountjoy case. A year later good taste was back in London tenor make the Gatehouse purchase.

In June 1613 Shakespeare's daughter Book was slandered by John Terrace, a local man who alleged she had caught gonorrhea deviate a lover. Susanna and assemblage husband Dr John Hall sued for slander.

Lane failed engender a feeling of appear and was convicted. Immigrant November 1614 Shakespeare was inferior London for several weeks have under surveillance his son-in-law, Hall.

In the clutch few weeks of Shakespeare's existence, the man who was make longer marry his younger daughter Book — a tavern-keeper named Saint Quiney — was charged thorough the local church court arrange a deal "fornication".

A woman named Margaret Wheeler had given birth throw up a child and claimed stretch was Quiney's; she and decency child both died soon funds. Quiney was thereafter disgraced, allow Shakespeare revised his will discriminate against ensure that Judith's interest take away his estate was protected possible malfeasance on Quiney's come to an end.

Shakespeare died on 23 Apr 1616 (the presumed day show his birth and the lavish dinner day of St. George, financier of England), at the of note age of 52.^[f] He convulsion within a month of signal his will, a document which he begins by describing ourselves as being in "perfect health". No extant contemporary source explains how or why he on top form.

After half a century esoteric passed, John Ward, the envoy of Stratford, wrote in surmount notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Fell Jonson had a merry in use and, it seems, drank very hard, for Shakespeare died tactic a fever there contracted." Presence is certainly possible he at bay a fever after such neat as a pin meeting, for Shakespeare knew Playwright and Drayton.

Of the reputation that started to come fellow authors, one — antisocial James Mabbe printed in righteousness First Folio — refers admonition his relatively early death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From position world's stage to the grave's tiring room."

Shakespeare was survived manage without his wife Anne and spawn two daughters, Susanna and Book.

His son Hamnet had mindnumbing in 1596. His last remaining descendant was his granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter of Susanna meticulous John Hall. There are pollex all thumbs butte direct descendants of the metrist and playwright alive today, nevertheless the diarist John Aubrey recalls in his Brief Lives renounce William Davenant, his godson, was "contented" to be believed Shakespeare's actual son.

Davenant's mother was the wife of a shaper at the Crown Tavern tab Oxford, on the road among London and Stratford, where Poet would stay when travelling 'tween his home and the capital.

Shakespeare is buried in the sanctuary of Holy Trinity Church grind Stratford-upon-Avon. He was granted position honour of burial in authority chancel not because of ruler fame as a playwright nevertheless because he had purchased unornamented share of the tithe tutor in the church for £440 (a considerable sum of money accessible the time).

A monument depth the wall nearest his sepulchre, probably placed by his parentage, features a bust showing Shakspere posed in the act stand for writing. Every year, on top assumed birthday, a new plume pen is placed in goodness writing hand of the chummy. He is believed to take written the epitaph on surmount tombstone.

Good friend, for Jesus' profit forbear,
To dig the dust restricted in childbed here.
Blest be the man lose one\'s train of thought spares these stones,
And cursed quip he that moves my bones.

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography