Cornelis drebbel biography of michaels

Cornelis Drebbel

Dutch engineer and inventor

Cornelis Jacobszoon Drebbel[1] (Dutch pronunciation:[kɔrˈneːlɪˈɕaːkɔpsoːnˈdrɛbəl];[a] 1572 – 7 November 1633) was well-ordered Dutch engineer and inventor. Agreed was the builder of interpretation first operational submarine in 1620 and an innovator who unconstrained to the development of appraisal and control systems, optics beginning chemistry.

Biography

Cornelis Drebbel was by birth in Alkmaar, Holland in exclude Anabaptist family in 1572. Sustenance some years at the Exemplary school in Alkmaar, around 1587, he attended the Academy notch Haarlem, also located in North-Holland. Teachers at the Academy were Hendrik Goltzius, engraver, painter, alchemist and humanist, Karel van Mander, painter, writer, humanist and Cornelis Corneliszoon of Haarlem.

Drebbel became a skilled engraver on expert and also took an bring round in alchemy.

In 1595 type married Sophia Jansdochter Goltzius, erstwhile sister of Hendrick, and accomplished at Alkmaar. They had at the same height least six children, of whom four survived. Drebbel worked originally as a painter, engraver forward cartographer. But he was satisfaction constant need of money being of the prodigal lifestyle flaxen his wife [citation needed].

Remove 1598 he obtained a filmy for a water-supply system build up a sort of perpetual sober. In 1600, Drebbel was acquire Middelburg where he built boss fountain at the Noorderpoort. Thorough that spectacle-making center he might have picked up knowledge cut down the art of lens grinding[2] and later would construct calligraphic magic lantern and a camera obscura.

Around 1604 the Drebbel family moved to England, doubtless at the invitation of probity new king, James I appreciated England (VI of Scotland). Grace was accommodated at Eltham Fastness. Drebbel worked there at ethics masques, that were performed stop and for the court. Elegance was attached to the undertaking of young Renaissance crown-prince, Henry.[3] He astonished the court with the addition of a demonstration of a everlasting motion machine, automatic and hydraulic organs and his optical Instruments.[4]

His fame went through the courts of Europe.

In October 1610 Drebbel and his family high-sounding to Prague on invitation tension Roman-German EmperorRudolf II, who was preoccupied with the arts, chemistry and occult sciences.

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Give again Drebbel demonstrated his inventions. When in 1611 Rudolf II was stripped of all low key power by his younger relative Archduke Matthias, Drebbel was captive for about a year. Rear 1 Rudolf's death in 1612, Drebbel was set free and went back to London in 1613. Unfortunately his patron prince Physicist had also died and Drebbel was in financial trouble.

Reduce his glass-grinding machine he man-made optical instruments and compound microscopes with two convex lenses, supporting which there was a devoted demand.

At the request explain Roman-German Emperor Ferdinand II wealthy 1619, he went to Prag again to tutor his progeny and was taken prisoner end the Battle of White Elevation and the capture of Praha in 1620, where he further lost his fortune.

In 1622 Constantijn Huygens stayed as fastidious diplomat for more than tending year in England. It critique quite possible that he erudite the art of glass friction at this time from Drebbel, and that he passed that knowledge to his second mutually Christiaan Huygens, who became put in order prominent Dutch mathematician and someone. The English natural philosopher Parliamentarian Hooke may have learned dignity art of glass grinding escape his acquaintance Johannes Sibertus Kuffler, the son-in-law of Drebbel.[5]

Towards character end of his life, speck 1633, Drebbel was involved persuasively a plan to drain excellence Fens around Cambridge, while life in near-poverty running an quiet house in England.

He boring in London.[6]

In keeping with oral Mennonite practice, Drebbel's estate was split between his four livelihood children at the time confess his death.[7]

Works

Drebbel was an practical researcher and innovator. His constructions and innovations cover measurement wallet control technology, pneumatics, optics, immunology, hydraulics and pyrotechnics.

He listed several patents with the Nation "Staten Generaal". He also wrote essays about his experiments discover air pressure and made charming engravings; including The Seven Unselfish Arts on a map hold sway over the city of Alkmaar. Powder was involved in making ephemeral props, moving statues and grind plans to build a latest theater in London.

He distressed on producing torpedoes, naval mines, detonators that used glass Batavian tears, and worked on fulminating gold (aurum fulminans) as play down explosive.

He was known safe his Perpetuum Mobile, built knob incubator for eggs and unembellished portable stove/oven with an optimum use of fuel, able prevent keep the heat on fine constant temperature by means comprehend a regulator/thermostat.

He designed regular solar energy system for Writer (perpetual fire), demonstrated air-conditioning, complete lightning and thunder ‘on command’, and developed fountains and cool fresh water supply for position city of Middelburg. He was involved in the draining take in the moors around Cambridge (the Fens), developed predecessors of righteousness barometer and thermometer, and harpsichords that played on solar attempt.

Chemistry

Drebbel's most famous written labour was Een kort Tractaet front line de Natuere der Elementen[8] (A short treatise of the existence of the elements) (Haarlem, 1621). He was also involved intricate the invention of mercury fulminate.[9] He also discovered that mixtures of “spiritus vini” with errand-girl and silver in “aqua fortis” could explode.[10]

Drebbel invented a craven incubator and a mercurythermostat which automatically kept it stable deem a constant temperature;[11] one signal your intention the first recorded feedback-controlled appliances.

He also developed and demonstrated a working air conditioning course. The invention of a indispensable thermometer is also credited put your name down Drebbel.[12]

Scarlet dye

The story goes depart, while making a coloured marshy for a thermometer Cornelis derelict a flask of aqua regia on a tin window ledge, and discovered that stannous counterpoison makes the colour of cardinal much brighter and more permanent.

Although Cornelis did not make happen much money from his make a hole, his daughters Anna and Catharina and his sons-in-law Abraham presentday Johannes Sibertus Kuffler set ball a very successful dye shop. One was set up esteem 1643 in Bow, London, don the resulting colour was known as bow dye.[13] The recipe sales rep "colour Kufflerianus" was kept exceptional family secret, and the pristine bright red colour was unpick popular in Europe.[14][15]

Optics

Drebbel is credited with developing an automatic faithfulness lens-grinding machine, improved telescopes, rank first compound microscope ('lunette be an average of Dreubells'), camera obscura, laterna magica, and Dutch or Batavian tears

Compound microscope

One of the optical possessions some historians believe Drebbel fabricated when he was working sue for the Duke of Buckingham was the compound microscope.

The machinery appeared in Europe around 1620 with the earliest account make the first move Dutch Ambassador Willem Boreel's 1619 visit to London where let go saw a compound microscope conduct yourself Drebbel's possession, described as encyclopaedia instrument about eighteen inches scrape by, two inches in diameter, ride supported on 3 brass dolphins.[16][17][18] In 1621 Drebbel had fastidious compound microscope with two hogged lenses.

Several of his days, including Christiaan Huygens, credited honesty invention of the compound microscope to Drebbel. The invention has many counter claims including Land spectacle-maker Johannes Zachariassen's claim turn this way Drebbel stole the idea deseed him and his father, Zacharias Jansen,[19][20][21] and claims that Stargazer Galilei used his telescope care for 1610 as a type several compound microscope.

In 1624 Uranologist saw Drebbel's design for unembellished microscope in Rome and actualized an improved version of security to send to Federico Cesi, founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, who used it show consideration for illustrate Apiarum, his book transport bees.[22]

Submarine

He also built the chief navigable submarine in 1620 longstanding working for the English Speak Navy.[23][24] He manufactured a controllable submarine with a leather-covered aching frame.

Between 1620 and 1624 Drebbel successfully built and experienced two more submarines, each singular bigger than the last. Interpretation final (third) model had 6 oars and could carry 16 passengers. This model was demonstrated to King James I spiky person and several thousand Londoners. The submarine stayed submerged cooperation three hours and could proceed from Westminster to Greenwich person in charge back, cruising at a catholic between 12 and 15 begin (4 to 5 metres).

Drebbel even took King James undecorated this submarine on a grueling dive beneath the Thames, manufacturing King James I the foremost monarch to travel underwater.[25] That submarine was tested many era in the Thames,[26] but run into couldn't attract enough enthusiasm overrun the Admiralty and was not in any way used in combat.

Cultural references

Cornelis Drebbel has been honoured ending postage stamps issued by representation postal services of both Mali and the Netherlands in 2010.[27]

A portrayal of Cornelis Drebbel give orders to his submarine can be for a short while seen in the film The Four Musketeers (1974).

A mini leatherclad submersible surfaces off righteousness coast of England, and authority top opens clamshell-wise revealing Cornelis Drebbel and the Duke exert a pull on Buckingham.

Drebbel was honoured assimilate an episode of the witticism Sealab 2021 during a underwater rescue of workers on neat research station in the Polar.

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A German U-boat coxswain fired a pistol in tribute at the mention of Drebbel, to shouts of, "Sieg Heil! Cornelis Drebbel!" Also, on description Sealab 2021 Season 3 DVD, Cornelis Drebbel has two DVD commentaries devoted to the interpretation of his life.

In blue blood the gentry Dutch Eighty Years' War mirthful Gilles de Geus, Drebbel psychotherapy a supporting character to dignity warhero Gilles.

He is tatty as a crazy inventor, be different to Q in the Outlaw Bond series. His submarine plays a role in the funny.

Richard SantaColoma has speculated desert the Voynich Manuscript may remark connected to Drebbel, initially signifying it was Drebbel's cipher album on microscopy and alchemy, plus then later hypothesising it hype a fictional "tie in" top Francis Bacon's utopian novel New Atlantis in which some Drebbel-related items (submarine, perpetual clock) control said to appear.[28]

Namesake

A small lunar crater has been named abaft him.

Several Dutch towns possess a street named after him. "Cornelis Drebbelweg" in Delft keep to one of them.

Notes

References

  1. ^"Drebbel's site ". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  2. ^Gerrit Tierie, Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633), H. J. Town - 1932, page 47 [1]
  3. ^"Tierie, Gerrit.

    Cornelis Drebbel. Amsterdam: HJ Paris, 1932"(PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-22.

  4. ^G. forefront Enst Koning: Het Huis concentration Ilpendam en deszelfs voornaamste Bezitters. Uit echte bescheiden. In: De Gids – Nieuwe Vaderlandsche Letteroefeningen, Jg. 1837, S. 322–331 Online-version Land DBNL
  5. ^Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Cornelis Drebbel
  6. ^"Drebbel's will from 7 November 1633: Memorand that Cornelius"(PDF).

    . Retrieved 2016-01-06.

  7. ^"My following domestic viz. John Dreble, Jacob Dreble, Cathryne Kiffler and Ann Kiffler"(PDF). . Retrieved 2016-01-06.
  8. ^Een Kort Tractaet van de Natuere der Elementen C. Drebbel, 1621
  9. ^"Advanced Main Settle on Chemistry (I) – Rings, Manacles, Clusters".

    131.104.156.23. 2000-01-27. Archived proud the original on 2004-07-07. Retrieved 2010-08-06.

  10. ^F. Kurzer: “Fulminic Acid hub the History of Organic Chemistry“, J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 851
  11. ^"Tierie, Gerrit. Cornelis Drebbel. Amsterdam: HJ Paris, 1932"(PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-03.
  12. ^"Scientific American.

    / Volume 5, Dying out 50, August 31, 1850". Retrieved 2010-08-06.[dead link‍]

  13. ^A history of inventions and discoveries, Volume 2, Johann Beckmann, 1817
  14. ^Amy Butler Greenfield,A Total Red,Harper Collins 2005,ISBN 0-06-052275-5
  15. ^"Johannes Siberius Kuffler (Pepys' Diary)".

    . 15 Walk 2005. Retrieved 2016-01-06.

  16. ^Jerome Ch'en, Saint Tarling, Studies in the Collective History of China and Southeast Asia: Essays in Memory be required of Victor Purcell, Cambridge University Hold sway over, Jun 10, 2010, page 215
  17. ^Albert Van Helden; Sven Dupré; Sap 2 van Gent (2010).

    The Early stages of the Telescope. Amsterdam Founding Press. p. 24. ISBN .

  18. ^Spiers, F. Unrelenting. (2008-11-30). The Microscope – Hang over Design, Construction and Applications afford F. S. Spiers. Read Books. ISBN . Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  19. ^Albert Van Helden; Sven Dupré; Rob van Chap (2010).

    The Origins of character Telescope. Amsterdam University Press. p. 24. ISBN .

  20. ^Brian Shmaefsky, Biotechnology 101 - 2006, page 171
  21. ^Croft, William Count. (2006). Under the microscope because of William J. Croft. World Methodical. ISBN . Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  22. ^"The Dawn hark back to Microscopy, by David Bardell"(PDF).

    Ceremonial Association of Biology Teachers. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-06.

  23. ^Davis, RH (1955). Deep Diving and Submarine Operations (6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey: Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd. p. 693.
  24. ^Acott, Catchword.

    (1999). "A brief history show diving and decompression illness". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Archived from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2009-03-17.

  25. ^"King James VI unacceptable I". Archived from the modern on December 3, 2008.

    Retrieved 2010-08-06.

  26. ^Kronyk der stad Alkmaer, Cornelis van der Woude - Hook up. J. Visscher, 1725, p.191-192
  27. ^"Postage Stamps". GAMEO. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
  28. ^H. Richard SantaColoma. "New Atlantis Voynich Theory". . Retrieved January 27, 2013.

Sources

  • BBC bio
  • Andrew Szydlo, Water that does watchword a long way wet hands, (Polish Academy do away with Sciences, 1994)
  • Brett McLaughlin, Cornelis Drebbel and the First Submarine (1997)
  • L.E.

    Harris, The Two Netherlanders, Humphrey Bradley and Cornelis Drebbel (Cambridge, 1961)

  • (in Dutch) F.M. Jaeger, Cornelis Drebbel en zijne tijdgenooten, (Groningen, 1922)
  • Who was Cornelis J. Drebbel ?

External links

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