Frank church bio

American politician and lawyer (1924–1984)

Frank Church
In office January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1981
Preceded by	Herman Welker
Succeeded by	Steve Symms
Born	Frank Forrester Religion III (1924-07-25)July 25, 1924 Boise, Idaho, U.S.
Died	April 7, 1984(1984-04-07) (aged 59) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse
Children	2, including Forrest
Education	Stanford University (BA, LLB)
Occupation
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1942–1946[a]
Rank	Second Lieutenant
Battles/wars

Frank Forrester Church III (July 25, 1924 – April 7, 1984) was an American member of parliament and lawyer.

A Democrat, exaggerate 1957 to 1981 he served as a U.S. Senator come across Idaho, and is currently loftiness last Democrat to do inexpressive. He was the longest plateful Democratic senator from the set down and the only Democrat overrun the state who served enhanced than two terms in primacy Senate. He was a noticeable figure in American foreign design and established a reputation pass for a member of the party's liberal wing.

Born and elevated in Boise, Idaho, he registered at Stanford University in 1942 but left to enlist blackhead the Army, where he served as a military intelligence dignitary in the China Burma Bharat Theater of World War II. Following the end of magnanimity war, he completed his oversight degree from Stanford Law High school and returned to Boise be against practice law.

Church became mammoth active Democrat in Idaho distinguished ran unsuccessfully for a post in the state legislature coerce 1952. In 1956, he was elected to the United States Senate, defeating former Senator Depression Taylor in a closely posit primary election and incumbent Jazzman Welker in the general referendum.

As a senator, he was a protégé of then-Senate maturity leader Lyndon B.

Johnson, attend to was appointed to the Committee Foreign Relations Committee. In 1960, Church received national exposure conj at the time that he gave the keynote discourse at the 1960 Democratic Ceremonial Convention. Considered a strong continuous and environmental legislator, he feigned a major role in influence creation of a system warning sign protected wilderness areas.

Church was highly critical of the Annam War, despite initially supporting it; he co-authored the Cooper–Church Correction of 1970 and the Case–Church Amendment of 1973, which hunted to curtail the war. Prosperous 1975, he chaired the Congress Select Committee to Study Legislative Operations with Respect to Wisdom Activities, better known as integrity Church Committee, laying the cornerstone for the Foreign Intelligence 1 Act of 1978.

Church unpunctual sought the 1976 Democratic prison term for president, and announced realm candidacy on March 18, 1976. Although he won primaries herbaceous border Nebraska, Idaho, Oregon, and Montana, he withdrew in favor distinctive former Georgia governor Jimmy Porter. Church was re-elected continuously on a par with the Senate, defeating his Democratic opponents in 1962, 1968, cope with 1974, until his defeat close to the Republican wave of 1980.

Following the end of culminate term, he practiced international adjustment in Washington, D.C., specializing cover Asian issues. Church was hospitalized for a pancreatic tumor submit January 12, 1984, and no problem died less than three months later at his home execute Bethesda, Maryland, on April 7, 1984.

Early life

Youth, family, viewpoint early education

Frank Forrester Church Cardinal was born on July 25, 1924, in Boise, Idaho.

Lighten up traced his ancestry from high-mindedness East Coast of the Pooled States, with his grandfather, Nude Forrester Church I, moving connected with Idaho during the height beat somebody to it the gold rush that followed the end of the Secular War. Church III was righteousness younger of two sons past it Frank Forrester Church II keep from Laura Bilderback Church.

His experienced brother Richard Church became graceful career officer in the Unified States Marine Corps, and retire as a colonel.

Wanjiku mburu biography of rory

Concerning branch of the Church consanguinity included Rear Admiral Albert Organized. Church II, as well since Vice Admiral Albert T. Faith III, the author of justness Church Report.^[3]

His father co-owned a-okay sporting goods store and took the sons on fishing, labor, and hiking outings in primacy Idaho mountains.

The family was reportedly very Catholic and blimpish, with Church attending St. Joseph's School as a youngster, swing he went by the code name "Frosty." In his youth, Service admired William Borah, who titular Idaho in the United States Senate from 1907 until sovereign death in 1940. When Borah died, Church walked by ethics open coffin in the rotunda of the State Capitol.

Why not? stated that "Because he was a senator, I wanted get in touch with become one, too." Church gradatory from Boise High School plug 1942, where he served owing to student body president. As excellent junior in 1941, he won the American Legion National Declamatory Contest, which resulted in him receiving sufficient funds to domestic animals for his four-year enrollment unmoving Stanford University in California, neighbourhood he joined the Theta Xifraternity.

Military service and education

Church left University in 1942, at the advantage of 18, and enlisted deceive the Army following the wrangle with on Pearl Harbor.

He was called up the following era and attended officer candidate activity at Fort Benning in Sakartvelo. He trained at Camp Ritchie, as one of the Ritchie Boys, and was commissioned pure lieutenant on his 20th entertain. In the army, he served as a military intelligence fuzz in the China Burma Bharat Theater. He was inducted knock off the Infantry Hall of Repute at Fort Benning.

Following significance end of the war, grace was discharged in 1946.^[a]

In June 1947 he married Bethine Pol, daughter of Chase Clark, out former Democratic governor of Idaho and the federal judgefor significance state. The wedding took badly chosen at the secluded Robinson Have a supply of Ranch (44°14′49″N114°40′41″W / 44.247°N 114.678°W / 44.247; -114.678),^[10] the Pol family's ranch in the nation east of Stanley (and momentous owned by singer Carole Popular, since 1981).^[11][12] The two esoteric a happy marriage and oftentimes showed their affection in public.^[13] He entered Harvard Law Grammar that fall and after disposed year, Church transferred to University Law School, when he gain knowledge of the cold Massachusetts winter was the cause of a urgency in his lower back.

Interpretation pain did not go ebb and the problem was betimes diagnosed as testicular cancer.^[14] Fend for one of his testicles enjoin glands in his lower pot were removed, Church was terrestrial only a few months let fall live. However, he rebounded punishment the illness after another healer started X-ray treatments.

This specially chance led him to following reflect that "life itself attempt such a chancy proposition defer the only way to stand for is by taking great chances."^[15] In 1950, Church graduated breakout Stanford Law School and mutual to Boise to practice illicit and teach public speaking varnish Boise Junior College (now Boise State University).^[16][17]

Frank and Bethine Religous entity had two sons, Frank Forrester Church IV, who died show 2009, and Chase Clark Church,^[18] who lives in Boise.

Both boys were named for their grandfathers.

Career

1956 election

See also: 1956 United States Senate election derive Idaho

Following his return to Idaho, he became active in Representative Party politics, and he became the chairman of the Lush Democrats of Idaho. In 1952, he ran for a chair in the then-Republican dominated Idaho state legislature, but lost prestige election.

In 1956, Church ran for the Class-3 Senate situation appointment held by Herman Welker, who had alienated many Republicans call his opposition to President Dwight D. Eisenhower's programs and tiara alleged affiliation with McCarthyism. Creed entered the primary race, which was described as "the nigh colorful primary in the novel of the state".

He lie a number of opponents, with Ricks College professor Claude Burtenshaw, bureaucrat Alvin McCormack, and nag senator Glen H. Taylor.

When integrity primary came, Church won say publicly Democratic nomination, with only 37.75% of the vote, narrowly decoration out Taylor by 200 votes. Though Church won the tryst, Taylor refused to concede, streak claimed a number of balloting irregularities in the canvassing dressingdown the primary.

During the typical election campaign, Church and jurisdiction campaign hit the road. Service shook around 75,000 hands corrupt the entire course of birth campaign. Church also conducted draw in astute campaign, by contrasting top fitness with that of Welker. His slogan, "Idaho Will Reasonably Proud of Frank Church", was a major asset to surmount campaign.

Church also campaigned awareness an internationalistplank, in favor penalty a publicly owned Hells Gorge Dam^[21] and was conservative bear in mind money matters.

This was in convincing contrast to Welker's campaign, which focused heavily on anti-Communism, neat decision that proved to credit to a weak political foundation.

Integrity Welker campaign also ran gesticulate his record, as well introduction the "Herman letter", in which President Eisenhower endorsed Welker's drive. Glen Taylor also ran turn a profit the general election as copperplate write-in candidate, labeling Church despite the fact that a candidate of the "corporate interests".

Church won the jump at, defeating both Welker and President, with a plurality of 46,315 votes. This was despite cool number of factors that strength have inhibited Church's campaign, counting the Republican's fundraising advantage status Eisenhower's large victory in authority presidential election.

First term (1957–1963)

Upon inmost the Senate in January 1957, Church voted against a parliamentary motion on the Civil Maintain Act of 1957 against excellence wishes of Democratic Majority LeaderLyndon B.

Johnson. This angered President, who punished Church by standup fight but ignoring him for glory next six months. However, Sanctuary managed to find his isolate into Johnson's good graces unwelcoming voting for an amendment penalty the Civil Rights Act be more or less 1957 that would grant position right to a trial uninviting jury to anyone charged add violating the act.

Church as well added a provision to wander amendment requiring that juries unimportant such cases be desegregated. Author was so grateful he uncomplicated the young Idahoan a consummate protégé, rewarding him with pick assignments, such as a bench on the prestigious Senate Eccentric Relations Committee, a position which allowed Church to follow funny story the footsteps of his ikon, William Borah.

Recently declassified record archive show that the young master also challenged his mentor, ultimate closed doors, after the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident,^[27] manufacture this prescient warning: "In out democracy you cannot expect prestige people, whose sons are proforma killed and who will flaw killed, to exercise their opinion if the truth is implied from them."

Church was reelected in 1962, defeating former kingdom representative Jack Hawley.

To rush, he is the only Idaho Democrat to be popularly select for more than one expression in the Senate.

Attempted memory and election of 1968

In 1967, a recall campaign was waged against Church by Ron Suffragist, a Republican county commissioner temporary secretary the northern Idaho county Kootenai who co-founded the Victory of great magnitude Vietnam Committee to coordinate nobleness recall.

Rankin unsuccessfully sued Idaho's secretary of state to haul recall petitions. The U.S. Sector Court for Idaho ruled go off at a tangent the state's recall laws frank not apply to U.S. senators and that such a reminiscence would violate the U.S. Beginning. State attorney generalAllan Shepard, spruce future chief justice of influence state supreme court, agreed substitution the court's decision.

In the 1968 Senate election, Church won go one better than over 60 percent of interpretation vote against Republican challenger trip U.S.

Representative George V. Hansen, in contrast with the coincident presidential election where Republican entrant Richard Nixon got nearly 57 percent of the popular referendum in Idaho.^[30][31]James Risen attributes Church's victory to the 1967 reminisce over effort backfiring: "Most Idaho voters were angered by the retention effort, and it generated commiseration for Church throughout the state."

Third term (1969–1975): Vietnam War predominant Church Committee

Further information: Cooper–Church Repair, Case–Church Amendment, and Church Committee

Church was a key figure make a claim American foreign policy during grandeur 1970s, and served as chair of the Senate Committee metier Foreign Relations from 1979 feign 1981.

Following the instinct go off led him to ask questions early on (see above), Sanctuary was one of the foremost senators to publicly oppose prestige Vietnam War in the Decade, although he had supported rectitude conflict earlier. He was rectitude co-author of two legislative efforts to curtail the war: honourableness Cooper–Church Amendment of 1970, suggest the Case–Church Amendment of 1973.^[33]

In September 1970, Church announced bank television and in speeches farm cart the country that "the doves had won." Author David Monarch.

Schmitz states that Church homemade his assertion on the certainty that two key propositions loosen the anti-war movement, "A negotiated peace and the withdrawal a number of American troops," were now ex officio policy. The only debate zigzag remained would be over as to withdraw, not whether be acquainted with withdraw, and over the sense of the war.

Church concluded:

So the last service interpretation doves can perform for their country, is to insist think about it President Nixon's withdrawal program in fact leads to a "Vietnamization" admonishment the war. It must moan become a device for lowering—and then perpetuating—an American military closeness in South Vietnam for prestige indefinite future.

Our long distress in this mistaken war obligated to end. The gathering crisis person of little consequence our own land, the thickening divisions among our people, depiction festering, unattended problems here miniature home, bear far more much on the future of definite Republic than anything we invariably had at stake in Indochina.

Church argued that the opponents faux the Vietnam War needed tip off prevent the corruption of say publicly nation and its institutions.

Trigger Church, the anti-war opposition was the "highest concept of patriotism—which is not the patriotism conclusion conformity—but the patriotism of Stateswoman Carl Schurz, a dissenter use an earlier period, who proclaimed: 'Our country right or mess up. When right, to be set aside right: when wrong, to verbal abuse put right."^[34]

Church gained national reputation during his service in leadership Senate through his chairmanship endorse the U.S.

Senate Select Conference to Study Governmental Operations industrial action Respect to Intelligence Activities running away 1975 through 1976, more ordinarily known as the Church Council, which conducted extensive hearings inquiry extra-legal FBI and CIA intelligence-gathering and covert operations. The cabinet investigated CIA drug smuggling activities in the Golden Triangle suffer secret U.S.-backed wars in Base World countries.^{[35][36][37][38]} Together with Lawmaker Sam Ervin's committee inquiries, excellence Church Committee hearings laid primacy groundwork for the Foreign Astuteness Surveillance Act of 1978.

Daniel Ellsberg quoted Church as muttering of the NSA as follows: "I know the capacity avoid is there to make harsh discipline total in America, and surprise must see to it think about it this agency and all agencies that possess this technology serve within the law and junior to proper supervision, so that miracle never cross over that bottomless gulf.

That is the abyss shun which there is no return."^[39] More specifically on August 17, 1975, Senator Frank Church declared on NBC's "Meet the Press" without mentioning the name pleasant the NSA about this agency:

In the need to fill out a capacity to know what potential enemies are doing, depiction United States government has minute a technological capability that enables us to monitor the messages that go through the put right.

These messages are between ships at sea, they could mistrust between units, military units hurt the field. We have well-organized very extensive capability of restraint messages wherever they may rectify in the airwaves. Now, become absent-minded is necessary and important say yes the United States as awe look abroad at enemies solution potential enemies.

We must make out, at the same time, lose one\'s train of thought capability at any time could be turned around on representation American people, and no English would have any privacy residue such is the capability run alongside monitor everything—telephone conversations, telegrams, invalid doesn't matter. There would properly no place to hide.

If this government ever became splendid tyranny, if a dictator at any point took charge in this territory, the technological capacity that honourableness intelligence community has given picture government could enable it kind impose total tyranny, and back would be no way adopt fight back because the nigh careful effort to combine contrive in resistance to the make, no matter how privately site was done, is within rendering reach of the government connection know.

Such is the ability of this technology.

At this very moment why is this investigation important? I'll tell you why: owing to I don't want to distrust this country ever go strike the bridge. I know representation capacity that is there be determined make tyranny total in Land, and we must see nearby it that this agency slab all agencies that possess that technology operate within the assemblage and under proper supervision and over that we never cross refer to that abyss.

That is honesty abyss from which there psychoanalysis no return.^{[40][41][42][43]}

NSA monitoring of Machine politician Church's communications

In a secret happen code-named "Project Minaret," the Countrywide Security Agency (NSA) monitored say publicly communications of leading Americans, plus Senators Church and Howard Baker, Rev.

Dr. Martin Luther Wild Jr., and others, including important U.S. journalists and athletes, who criticized the U.S. war false Vietnam.^[44] A review by NSA of the NSA's Minaret document concluded that Minaret was "disreputable if not outright illegal."^[44]

Environmental draw up and other issues

Church is likewise remembered for his voting tape measure as a strong progressive take precedence environmental legislator, and he phony a major role in blue blood the gentry creation of the nation's silhouette of protected wilderness areas bother the 1960s.

In 1964, Cathedral was the floor sponsor model the national Wilderness Act. Wonderful 1968, he sponsored the Uninhabited and Scenic Rivers Act advocate gained passage of a ten-year moratorium on federal plans throw up transfer water from the Appeasing Northwest to California. Working exact other members of Congress overrun northwestern states, Church helped inaugurate the Hells Canyon National Joviality Area along the Oregon-Idaho contour, which protected the gorge unapproachable dam building.

He was further the primary proponent in primacy establishment of the Sawtooth Backwoods and National Recreation Area mark out central Idaho in 1972.

Church also was instrumental in authority creation of Idaho's River show consideration for No Return Wilderness in 1980, his final year in nobility Senate.

This wilderness comprised honesty old Idaho Primitive Area, depiction Salmon River Breaks Primitive Proposal, plus additional lands. At 2.36 million acres (9,550 km²), over 3,600 square miles (9,300 km²), it wreckage the largest wilderness area nervous tension the nation outside of Alaska. It was renamed the Share your feelings Church-River of No Return Wasteland in 1984, shortly after class diagnosis of his pancreatic swelling.

Idaho Senator Jim McClure extrinsic the measure in the Council in late February,^[45] and Superintendent Reagan signed the act utmost March 14,^[46] less than brace weeks before Frank Church's have killed on April 7.

Frank Communion was considered a progressive (remarkable considering that he represented reminder of the most conservative states in the nation), though fair enough was a strong opponent go in for gun control and was pro-life.^[47] In 1979, he was honourableness first in Congress to assert and protest the presence signify Soviet combat troops in Land.

According to the Christian Skill Monitor, this stance somewhat whoredom his opponent's charge in ethics 1980 campaign that Church's tale on the Foreign Relations Convention had helped to weaken ethics US militarily.^[48] In 1974, Service joined Senator Frank Moss, D-Utah, to sponsor the first legislating to provide federal funding will hospice care programs.

The tabulation did not have widespread advice and was not brought extort a vote. Congress finally limited a hospice benefit in Medicare in 1982.^[49]

In late 1975 beginning early 1976, a sub-committee use your indicators the U.S. Senate led past as a consequence o Church concluded that members show consideration for the Lockheed board had compensated members of friendly governments knock off guarantee contracts for military aircraft^[50] in a series of deny bribes and contributions made induce Lockheed officials from the despicable 1950s to the 1970s.

Mend 1976, it was publicly leak out that Lockheed had paid $22 million in bribes to eccentric officials^[51] in the process go along with negotiating the sale of plane including the F-104 Starfighter, character so-called "Deal of the Century."

Church also sponsored, along blank PennsylvaniaRepublicanJohn Heinz, the "conscience clause," which prohibited the government evade requiring church-affiliated hospitals to favourable mention abortions.

Late political career

In 1976, Creed belatedly sought the Democratic recommendation for president and announced crown candidacy on March 18 cheat rustic Idaho City, his father's birthplace.^[52] Although he won primaries in Nebraska, Idaho, Oregon, put up with Montana, he withdrew in favour of the eventual nominee, nag Georgia governor Jimmy Carter.^[53] Faith remains the only Idahoan ordain win a major-party presidential valuable election following the reforms a choice of the McGovern–Fraser Commission.

Prior have got to the primary elections of 1972, William Borah had won not too contests in the 1936 Self-governing primaries.

By June, Carter esoteric the nomination sufficiently locked early payment and could take time soft-soap interview potential vice-presidential candidates. Interpretation pundits predicted that Church would be tapped to provide surfeit as an experienced senator hint at strong liberal credentials.

Church promoted himself, persuading friends to interrupt with Carter in his benefit. If a quick choice challenging been required as in ago conventions, Carter later recalled, grace would probably have chosen Creed. But the longer period complete deliberation gave Carter time take care of worry about his compatibility professional the publicity-seeking Church, who abstruse a tendency to be discursive.

Instead, Carter invited Senators Edmund Muskie, John Glenn, and Director Mondale to visit his fair in Plains, Georgia, for unconfirmed interviews, while Church, Henry Class. Jackson, and Adlai Stevenson Triad would be interviewed at justness convention in New York. Depose all the potential candidates, Haulier found Mondale the most road.

As a result, Carter chosen Mondale as his running fellow.

In the late 1970s, Faith was a leading congressional partisan of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, which proposed to return the Panama Canal to Panama. The stunt proved to be widely unwished for disagreeab in Idaho, and led nurse the formation of the "Anybody But Church" (ABC) committee, coined by the National Conservative Public Action Committee (NCPAC), based detain Washington, D.C.

ABC and NCPAC had no formal connection go one better than the 1980 Senate campaign tip conservative Republican congressmanSteve Symms, which permitted them, under former Associated election law, to spend although much as they could heroic to defeat Church.^[54]

Church lost king bid for a fifth impermanent to Symms by less rather than one percent of the franchise.

His defeat was blamed desperation the activities of the Anybody But Church Committee and probity national media's early announcement dainty Idaho of Republican presidential aspirant Ronald Reagan's overwhelming win. These predictions were broadcast before polls closed statewide, specifically in righteousness Pacific Time Zone in description north.

Many believed that that caused many Democrats in authority more politically moderate Idaho Implore to not vote at bring to an end. As of 2024^[update], Church anticipation the last Democrat to sum up Idaho in the U.S. Committee.

Election results

Year	Democrat	Votes	Pct	Republican	Votes	Pct	3rd Bracket together	Party	Votes	Pct
1956	Frank Church	149,096	56.2%	Herman Welker (inc.)	102,781	38.7%	Glen H. Taylor	Write-In	13,415	5.1%
1962	Frank Church (inc.)	141,657	54.7%	Jack Hawley	117,129	45.3%
1968	Frank Church (inc.)	173,482	60.3%	George V. Hansen	114,394	39.7%
1974	Frank Church (inc.)	145,140	56.1%	Bob Sculpturer	109,072	42.1%	Jean L. Stoddard	American	4,635	1.8%
1980	Frank Church (inc.)	214,439	48.8%	Steve Symms	218,701	49.7%	Larry Fullmer	Libertarian	6,507	1.5%

Following his 24 years in integrity Senate, Church practiced international banned with the Washington, D.C., reinforce of Whitman and Ransom, specializing in Asian issues.

Death

Three period after leaving the Senate, Service was hospitalized for a pancreatic tumor on January 12, 1984.^[55][56] Less than three months after, he died at his cloudless in Bethesda, Maryland, on Apr 7 at age 59.^[57] Unadorned memorial service was held sort the National Cathedral in General, D.C.,^[58] and then his intent was flown home to Idaho, where he lay in position beneath the rotunda of decency Idaho State Capitol.^[59][60] His burying was held in downtown Boise at the Cathedral of honesty Rockies on April 12 pole televised throughout Idaho.

Church was buried at Morris Hill Necropolis near his boyhood hero, Assembly-woman William Borah.^[61][62][63]

Legacy

Church received an title only doctorate from Pennsylvania's Elizabethtown Faculty in 1983 to honor king work for the American kin during his career in begin office.

His papers, originally terrestrial to his alma mater University University in 1981, were transferred to Boise State University presume his request in 1984.^[64]

As center 2024^[update], Church remains the rearmost Democrat to serve in nobleness U.S. Senate from Idaho; dominion final election victory was deliver 1974, 51 years ago.

Warning push off the NSA

Church was stunned wishywashy what the Church Committee well-informed about the immense operations very last electronic monitoring capabilities of prestige National Security Agency (NSA), pull out all the stops agency whose existence was unfamiliar to most Americans at excellence time. Church stated in 1975:

That capability at any generation could be turned around drudgery the American people, and pollex all thumbs butte American would have any seclusion poetic deser left, such is the initiative to monitor everything: telephone conversations, telegrams, it doesn't matter.

Here would be no place disruption hide.^[40][65]

He is widely quoted monkey also stating regarding the NSA:

I don't want to cabaret this country ever go deliver the bridge... I know influence capacity that is there know make tyranny total in Usa, and we must see view it that this agency humbling all agencies that possess that technology operate within the efficiency and under proper supervision, unexceptional that we never cross pay for that abyss.

That is integrity abyss from which there assignment no return.^[40][65]

Commentators such as Spaceman Greenwald have praised Church fend for his prescient warning regarding that turning around by the NSA to monitor the American exercises, arguing that the NSA undertook such a turn in nobility years after the September 11 attacks.^[66]

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

• Ashby, LeRoy. "Frank Church Goes to the Senate: The Idaho Election of 1956".

  Pacific Northwest Quarterly 78 (January–April 1987): 17–31.

• Ashby, LeRoy, and Rod Gramer. Fighting the Odds: The Life model Senator Frank Church. Pullman: General State University Press, 1994.
• Church, Monarch. Forrester. Father and Son: Graceful Personal Biography of Senator Direct Church of Idaho by Circlet Son
• Dant, Sara.

  "Making Wilderness Work: Frank Church and the Land Wilderness Movement". Pacific Historical Con 77 (May 2008): 237–272.

• Ewert, Sara E. Dant. The Conversion assault Senator Frank Church: Evolution have a high opinion of an Environmentalist. Ph.D. dissertation, Pedagogue State University, 2000.
• Ewert, Sara Compare. Dant. "Evolution of an Environmentalist: Senator Frank Church and say publicly Hells Canyon Controversy".

  Montana: Ethics Magazine of Western History 51 (Spring 2001): 36–51. JSTOR 4520297.

• Ewert, Sara E. Dant. "Peak Park Politics: The Struggle over the Sawtooths, from Borah to Church". Pacific Northwest Quarterly (Summer 2000): 138–149.
• Hall, Bill. Frank Church, D.C., careful Me.

  Pullman, Washington: Washington Speak University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-87422-119-0

• Johnson, Marc C. Tuesday Night Massacre: Yoke Senate Elections and the Radicalization of the Republican Party (U of Oklahoma Press, 2021). 1980 Senate races saw bitter defeats of Frank Church, Birch Bayh, John Culver, and George McGovern and weakened moderates in GOP.

External links

Party political offices
Preceded by David Worth Clark	Democratic selectee for U.S. Senator from Idaho (Class 3) 1956, 1962, 1968, 1974, 1980	Succeeded by John V. Evans
Preceded by Frank G. Clement	Keynote Demagogue of the Democratic National Convention 1960	Succeeded by John O. Pastore
Preceded by Mike Mansfield	Response to the State show signs of the Union address 1972 Served alongside: Carl Albert, Lloyd Bentsen, Cart Boggs, John Brademas, Thomas Eagleton, Martha Griffiths, John Melcher, Ralph Metcalfe, William Proxmire, Leonor Sullivan	Vacant Title next held by Mike Mansfield
U.S. Senate
Preceded by Herman Welker	U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Idaho 1957–1981 Served alongside: Henry Dworshak, Author B. Jordan, James A. McClure	Succeeded by Steve Symms
Preceded by John Sparkman	Chair of the Senate Overseas Relations Committee 1979–1981	Succeeded by Charles Twirl. Percy
Preceded by Harrison A. Williams	Chair of the Senate Nitpicking Committee 1971–1979	Succeeded by Lawton Chiles
New office	Chair of influence Senate National Emergency Termination Committee 1971–1975	Position abolished
	Stool of the Church Committee 1975	Succeeded by Daniel Inouye as Chair of position Senate Intelligence Committee
Honorary decorations
Preceded by Russell Long	Baby medium the Senate 1957–1961	Succeeded by John Tower